Fatty liver disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in liver cells and affects 24-36% of the global population. In India, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be around 38.6% among adults, exceeding the global average. Alarmingly, the prevalence of NAFLD in children is also rising; according to a study published in 2022, it stood at 35.4%.
Causes of Fatty Liver Disease
- Metabolic Factors: Insulin resistance and obesity play central roles in the development of NAFLD by promoting fat accumulation in the liver.
- Dietary Influences: A diet high in saturated fats and sugars, with a low intake of fiber, significantly increases the risk of NAFLD.
- Environmental Exposures: Chemicals such as pesticides and heavy metals have been linked to elevated liver enzymes and NAFLD.
- Genetic and Epigenetic Factors: Genetic predisposition and epigenetic changes can influence the progression and severity of the disease.
- Cell Damage: Repeated liver infections, such as hepatitis A, B, and C, can lead to liver cell damage.
- Medications: Certain medications, including methotrexate (used for certain cancers and psoriasis), tamoxifen (for breast cancer), and amiodarone (for severe heart rate problems), can cause liver damage.
Many individuals with fatty liver disease do not experience significant symptoms until severe liver damage has occurred. When early symptoms do present, they are often nonspecific and may include upper right abdominal pain and fatigue. If left untreated, fatty liver disease can progress to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Scarring from cirrhosis is irreversible and can increase the risk of liver cancer and liver failure, making these complications potentially life-threatening.
Treatment and Prevention of Fatty Liver Disease
Currently, no medication is known to reverse or treat fatty liver disease. The primary approach is to implement lifestyle changes that promote liver health. Damage may be reversible if treated in its early stages. Recommended therapeutic lifestyle changes to slow the progression or prevent NAFLD include:
- Limiting or avoiding alcohol
- Taking steps to lose weight, targeting 10,000 to 15,000 steps daily
- Avoiding medications and supplements that are hard on the liver
- Eating a nutrient-rich diet low in excess calories, saturated fats, and trans fats
- Engaging in at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week
Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Liver Disease
- Cut Calories: Reduce calorie intake, especially from processed and high-fat foods.
- Focus on Fiber: Include fiber-rich foods to improve liver function and promote gut health while providing satiety without high calorie counts.
- Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration boosts overall metabolism and assists in the removal of toxins, preventing their accumulation in the liver.
- Maintain Hygiene: Drink water from safe sources to avoid infections and diseases like hepatitis. Be cautious about eating from unverified roadside eateries.
- Avoid Raw or Undercooked Shellfish: These can harbor bacteria that may lead to serious illness.
Therefore by adhering to these guidelines, individuals can take proactive steps to effectively manage their health and halt the advancement of fatty liver disease. This involves implementing lifestyle changes, such as adopting a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and monitoring their overall well-being, all of which contribute to improved liver function and overall health.
Author – Dt. Garima Nigam
